Gas in Tokyo Housing: City Gas vs. Propane Explained

When renting or buying a home in Tokyo—or anywhere in Japan—understanding the difference between city gas and propane gas (LP gas) is crucial. The type of gas supply can impact your monthly utility bills, how you cook, and even the overall safety of your home. While both provide the same essential functions (heating, cooking, and hot water), their pricing structures, convenience, and infrastructure differ significantly. This guide breaks down everything you need to know about city gas vs. propane gas in Japan, especially for residents living in Tokyo.

---

What Is City Gas?

City gas (都市ガス toshigas) is Japan’s urban gas network that delivers natural gas through underground pipelines directly to residential and commercial buildings. It’s the most common gas type in densely populated areas such as Tokyo’s 23 wards.

Key Characteristics

• Source: City gas is made from natural gas (methane), imported mainly as LNG (liquefied natural gas).

• Distribution: Supplied via underground pipelines by companies like Tokyo Gas.

• Usage: Connected automatically to gas stoves, water heaters, and sometimes floor heating systems.

• Pressure and Energy: It has a lower caloric value than propane, but its steady and continuous supply makes it more convenient.

Pros

1. Lower Cost – City gas is generally cheaper than propane gas.

2. Stable Supply – Delivered directly through a network, so no refilling or tank replacement needed.

3. Eco-Friendly – Produces less CO₂ per unit compared to propane, making it the greener choice.

4. Convenience – Simple billing, often combined with other utilities like electricity or water.

Cons

1. Limited Availability – Only available where underground pipelines exist (mainly urban Tokyo).

2. Initial Connection Cost – Older houses may require connection or conversion costs.

3. Less Portable – If you move to a rural area, you might not have access to it.

---

What Is Propane Gas (LP Gas)?

Propane gas, also known as LP gas (液化石油ガス ekisei sekiyū gasu), is a liquefied petroleum gas stored in pressurized cylinders or tanks. It’s common in suburban or rural areas where city gas pipelines don’t reach.

Key Characteristics

• Source: Derived from petroleum refining or natural gas processing.

• Distribution: Delivered by trucks and stored in individual tanks outside each building or apartment complex.

• Usage: Same as city gas—used for cooking, hot water, and heating.

• Energy Output: Has a higher caloric value, meaning it heats faster but is more expensive per unit.

Pros

1. Wider Availability – Available even in areas without city infrastructure.

2. High Energy Efficiency – Propane burns hotter and can heat water or cook food faster.

3. Independent System – Each residence manages its own supply, making it resilient to city network issues.

4. Portable – Tanks can be moved or replaced easily.

Cons

1. Higher Cost – Typically 1.5–2 times more expensive than city gas per cubic meter.

2. Variable Pricing – Prices can differ widely between suppliers since it’s deregulated.

3. Space Requirement – Tanks take up outdoor space and can affect building aesthetics.

4. Safety Maintenance – Regular inspections are mandatory to prevent leaks or accidents.

---

Cost Comparison: City Gas vs. Propane Gas

Propane gas users often experience significant price variation because suppliers set their own rates. City gas, on the other hand, is controlled by large regional companies like Tokyo Gas, offering more transparent and stable pricing.

---

Safety and Maintenance

City Gas Safety

City gas systems are designed with built-in safety mechanisms such as automatic shutoff valves. If an earthquake or sudden pressure drop is detected, the system shuts down immediately to prevent accidents.

Maintenance: Tokyo Gas provides routine inspections and emergency support. Landlords or property managers typically handle safety checks.

Propane Gas Safety

Propane is stored under high pressure, so regular inspections are legally required. The tanks and regulators must be checked by the supplier to prevent leaks.

Maintenance: Private propane suppliers perform periodic safety inspections (usually once a year). Tenants must ensure access to the outdoor tanks for checks.

Tip: Always check the supplier’s emergency contact number on the tank label—it’s essential during leaks or power outages.

---

Environmental Impact

• City Gas: Emits less CO₂ and fewer pollutants per unit of energy.

• Propane Gas: Has a higher carbon footprint but offers stronger heat output per volume.

Tokyo’s environmental policies increasingly promote the use of city gas and electric hybrid systems (like Eco-Jozu water heaters), making propane less common in newly built properties.

---

How to Know Which Type You Have

It’s simple to identify your gas type:

1. Look at the Stove or Water Heater Label – You’ll see “都市ガス用 (for city gas)” or “LPガス用 (for LP gas).”

2. Check the Meter or Tank –

   • A small meter inside or near your apartment = city gas.

   • A large outdoor tank with a company name label = propane gas.

3. Ask the Agent or Landlord – It’s standard information disclosed in Japanese rental contracts under “Gas Type (ガス種類).”

---

Switching Between Gas Types

Switching from propane to city gas is possible but involves costs.

• Conversion Costs: Appliances (like stoves) may need to be replaced or fitted with conversion kits.

• Connection Fees: If your area has pipelines, Tokyo Gas can extend service, but only after inspection.

• Permission: You must get approval from your landlord or property management company before any modification.

In new developments, city gas is typically installed by default. Older detached homes, especially in outer Tokyo suburbs (like Machida or Hachioji), may still rely on propane.

---

Which Type Should You Choose?

• For Central Tokyo Apartments → City Gas is ideal. It’s cheaper, stable, and environmentally friendly.

• For Suburban or Rural Areas → Propane Gas may be your only option but offers strong heating performance.

• For Short-Term Rentals → It doesn’t matter much—just check the rate since propane costs can add up quickly.

If you plan to live long-term, city gas offers better cost efficiency and more predictable billing.

---

Tips for Managing Gas Bills

1. Use Energy-Efficient Appliances – Choose Eco-Jozu or similar high-efficiency water heaters.

2. Monitor Usage Online – Tokyo Gas offers a MyTokyoGas portal where you can track consumption.

3. Check for Overcharging – If using propane, compare your rate with Japan LP Gas Association averages.

4. Turn Off Valves When Away – Always close the main valve when leaving home for several days.

---

Final Thoughts

Both city gas and propane gas provide the same daily essentials, but your experience in cost, convenience, and sustainability will differ based on which one your home uses. In Tokyo’s dense urban core, city gas remains the standard and most economical option. For those living farther from central districts, propane gas ensures energy independence but at a higher monthly expense.

Before signing a lease, always confirm which gas system your apartment or house uses—and ask about average monthly costs. This small detail can significantly affect your overall living expenses in Tokyo.

FAQs

What is the difference between City Gas and Propane (LP Gas) in Tokyo housing?

City Gas (都市ガス) is piped natural gas delivered through underground networks, most common in central Tokyo. Propane—also called LP Gas (液化石油ガス)—is liquefied petroleum gas stored in cylinders or tanks on-site and refilled by truck, more common in suburban or rural areas. Both can power stoves, water heaters, and heaters, but City Gas typically has more stable, regulated pricing and Propane generally delivers higher calorific value per unit with greater price variability.

Which is usually cheaper: City Gas or Propane?

In most cases, City Gas is cheaper on a monthly basis for typical apartment usage. Propane tends to have higher base fees and per-unit rates, and prices can vary widely by supplier and contract. Your actual bill depends on household size, appliance efficiency, and hot water usage. If you are budget-sensitive and have the option, City Gas often results in lower long-term costs.

How can I check which gas type my apartment uses?

Look for labeling on appliances such as the stove or water heater—stickers often say “都市ガス用” (City Gas) or “LPガス用” (LP Gas). City Gas homes usually have a compact gas meter connected to indoor piping, while Propane homes have an outdoor tank with a supplier sticker and emergency contact. Your lease materials or agent can also confirm the gas type under the “Utilities” or “Gas” section.

Are City Gas and Propane appliances interchangeable?

No. Gas appliances are calibrated to a specific gas type and pressure. Using the wrong type can be dangerous and void warranties. Some appliances can be converted with manufacturer kits, but this must be done by a licensed technician and with landlord approval. If you plan to bring your own stove, confirm compatibility before delivery.

Is one option safer than the other?

Both are safe when properly installed and maintained. City Gas networks include seismic shutoff features and building-level safety devices. Propane suppliers perform mandatory safety inspections of tanks, regulators, and hoses. In all cases, ensure proper ventilation, do not block exhaust vents, and learn how to close the main valve. Install a combined gas/leak and CO detector if your home doesn’t have one.

How do earthquakes affect gas service?

After significant tremors, City Gas meters may automatically shut off to prevent incidents. You may need to reset the meter by following the instructions on the meter panel after confirming there are no smells of gas. Propane tanks are installed with quake-resistant brackets and valves; inspections after a quake are standard. If you suspect a leak, do not use electrical switches, evacuate, and contact the emergency line on your meter or tank label.

Why is Propane pricing so variable?

Propane is supplied by numerous private vendors who set their own base fees and unit rates. Costs reflect delivery logistics, tank maintenance, and market conditions. This decentralization means neighbors with different suppliers can pay different prices. When reviewing a Propane property, ask the landlord or management for the current supplier’s tariff sheet and any historical bills to gauge typical costs.

Can I negotiate Propane rates?

Sometimes. While you often can’t choose the supplier in multi-unit buildings, standalone homes may have more flexibility. You can request a rate review, ask for a fixed-term plan, or negotiate base fees if there’s local competition. Get agreements in writing and note any delivery or minimum-usage clauses.

What billing differences should I expect?

City Gas bills are typically usage-based with transparent tiers and can be bundled with other services (e.g., electricity) from the same utility. Propane billing includes a base fee, metered consumption, and sometimes tank rental or maintenance charges. Delivery schedules and invoice timing can differ; check whether you’ll get monthly meter reads or estimated bills with periodic true-ups.

How do I reduce my gas bill regardless of type?

Choose efficient appliances (e.g., condensing water heaters), lower hot water temperature to a safe minimum, use shower timers, and fix drips in hot-water taps. In the kitchen, use fitted lids and pre-boil with an electric kettle when appropriate. For winter, insulate bathrooms and water pipes, and maintain rubber gaskets on windows to cut heat loss. Simple behavioral changes often outperform switching suppliers in the short term.

Does Propane’s higher calorific value mean faster cooking and heating?

Generally yes—Propane has a higher energy density, which can translate to quicker boil times and faster water heating when appliances are properly matched. However, the performance difference can be overshadowed by burner design, appliance efficiency, and ventilation. For most daily cooking, either fuel type performs well when the appliance is correctly rated.

What about environmental impact?

City Gas (natural gas) typically emits less CO₂ per unit of delivered energy than Propane, though both are fossil fuels. Efficiency matters: high-efficiency water heaters and well-maintained equipment can significantly reduce emissions. If sustainability is a priority, consider pairing City Gas with electric appliances (e.g., induction cooktop) where feasible, or explore all-electric homes powered by greener electricity plans.

Can I switch a property from Propane to City Gas?

Only if a City Gas line is available on your street and the building can be connected. This involves utility inspections, potential piping work, appliance replacement or conversion, and landlord consent. In apartments, decisions are building-level; in detached houses, owners have more control. Costs vary widely—ask for a formal quote and timeline before committing.

What should I ask the agent or landlord before signing?

• Which gas type is provided and who is the supplier?
• Typical monthly bills for similar units and seasons.
• Any base fees, tank rental, or maintenance charges (Propane).
• Age and efficiency of water heater and stove; last safety inspection date.
• Emergency procedures and contact numbers posted in the unit.

Are there space or aesthetic considerations with Propane?

Yes. Propane requires outdoor tank placement with clear access for delivery and inspection. Tanks can affect garden or parking layouts, and building rules may restrict screening or enclosure. Ensure the location is compliant, stable, and protected from heat sources. Do not store items on or around the tank.

What if I smell gas?

Do not use matches, lighters, or electrical switches. Open doors and windows to ventilate. Close the main gas valve if safely accessible. Evacuate the area and call the emergency number on your meter (City Gas) or tank label (Propane). Wait for a qualified technician to inspect and clear the system before resuming use.

How are meters read and leaks detected?

City Gas meters are read monthly or bi-monthly and include built-in shutoff and diagnostics. Many modern meters support remote reading. Propane systems may use tank gauges and supplier-performed meter reads. Both fuels use odorants to help residents detect leaks quickly; if you notice a sulfur or “rotten egg” smell, treat it as urgent.

Can I use induction cooking instead of gas?

Yes. Many Tokyo apartments support 200V circuits for induction cooktops, though retrofits may be required in older buildings. Induction offers precise control, easy cleanup, and no combustion by-products indoors. If you prefer gas for certain techniques (e.g., open-flame charring), check that your lease permits appliance changes and that ventilation is adequate.

What happens when moving in or out?

For City Gas, arrange activation and a safety check with the utility before move-in; someone usually needs to be present. For Propane, confirm the supplier visit for tank opening and appliance testing. On move-out, schedule shutoff and final meter reading; for Propane, ensure the tank valve is closed and access is available for inspection.

Do landlords ever include gas in the rent?

Occasionally, yes—especially in furnished or short-term rentals. Inclusion is more common with Propane in small buildings where the owner consolidates billing. Confirm what “utilities included” covers, whether there are caps, and how excess usage is charged.

Are floor heating and bath reheat features affected by gas type?

Both fuels can support gas-powered floor heating (床暖房) and bath reheat systems (追い焚き) if the equipment is compatible. These amenities can meaningfully increase comfort—and consumption. Ask for appliance model numbers and efficiency ratings, and factor the added usage into your monthly budget.

What documents should I keep handy?

• Utility or supplier contract and tariff sheet.
• Appliance manuals noting gas type and model numbers.
• Latest inspection report or sticker dates.
• Emergency contacts for the utility/supplier and building management.

Any red flags to watch for during viewings?

Burner flames that are yellow or unstable, soot around vents, persistent odors, blocked or makeshift exhaust ducts, corroded flexible hoses, and missing earthquake valves. Outside, Propane tanks should be upright, secured, and free of rust or impact damage, with regulators protected from weather.

Bottom line: which should I choose if I have both options?

For most renters in central Tokyo, City Gas offers the best balance of cost, convenience, and transparency. If you live in a detached home or peripheral ward with Propane, focus on supplier reliability, clear pricing, and appliance efficiency. In every case, prioritize safety features, recent inspections, and realistic monthly cost estimates before you sign.

Tokyo Housing Guide: Where to Live, What It Costs, and How to Get Started